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Fr. Hardon Archives - Theology
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"
Father John A. Hardon, S.J. Archives
Theology
Return
to: Home > Archives Index > Theology Index
Theology
by Fr. John A. Hardon, S.J.
Definitions and Etymology . Theology, literally “the science of God,” is derived
from the Greek Theos (God) and logos (study). The term was used
by the Stoics in the third century B.C. to describe a reasoned analysis of the
deity. Earlier uses were more naturalistic. Thus Plato in the Republic
and Aristotle in his Metaphysics called Homer, Hesiod, and Orpheus theologians
because they first determined the genealogies and attributes of the gods.
With the advent of Christianity theology came
to mean what its etymology suggested, and was defined by St. Augustine as “reasoning
or discourse about the divinity.” Through the patristic age to the period of
the Schoolmen, this remained the acceptable generic meaning. Peter Abelard (1079-1142)
is credited with first having used the term in its modern connotation. St. Thomas
Aquinas (1225-1274) defended theology as a science because it investigates the
contents of belief by means of reason enlightened by faith ( fides quaerens
intellectum ) in order to acquire a deeper understanding of revelation. He
also distinguished theology proper from “natural theology,” or what Gottfried
Leibniz later called “theodicy,” which studies God as knowable by reason alone
and independent of divine authority. By the end of the thirteenth century, the
term was applied to be whole body of revealed truth and gradually replaced its
rival synonyms.
Patristic Age to the Reformation .
The early Fathers "
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