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Journal of Vision - Are faces processed like words? A diagnostic test for recognition by parts, by Martelli, Majaj, & Pelli
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"Volume 5, Number 1, Article 6, Pages 58-70
doi:10.1167/5.1.6
http://journalofvision.org/5/1/6/
ISSN 1534-7362
Are faces processed like words? A diagnostic test for recognition by parts
Marialuisa Martelli
Psychology and Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA, & Fondazione Santa Lucia, I.R.C.C.S. Rome, Italy
Najib J. Majaj
Psychology and Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
Denis G. Pelli
Psychology and Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
Abstract
Do we identify an object as a whole or by its parts? This simple question has been surprisingly hard to answer. It has been suggested that faces are recognized as wholes and words are recognized by parts. Here we answer the question by applying a test for crowding. In crowding, a target is harder to identify in the presence of nearby flankers. Previous work has described crowding between objects. We show that crowding also occurs between the parts of an object. Such internal crowding severely impairs perception, identification, and fMRI face-area activation. We apply a diagnostic test for crowding to a word and a face, and we find that the critical spacing of the parts required for recognition is proportional to distance from fixation and independent of size and kind. The critical spacing defines an isolation field around the target. Some objects can be recognized only when each part is isolated from the rest of the object by the critical spacing. In that case, recognition is by parts . Recognition is holistic if the observer can recognize the object even when the whole object fits within a critical spacing. Such an object has only one part. Multiple parts within an isolation field will crowd each other and spoil recognition."
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